All Mains papers

General Studies IV

Ethics, integrity and aptitude, with case studies. Filter by topic or year.

25 questions

  • 2026 · Question 6 · Section A · 20 marks

    1. (a) On the request of his Personal Assistant (PA), the District Magistrate (DM) stops the transfer of a schoolteacher who takes private tuition for his daughter diagnosed with learning disability. In this context, discuss the aspects of empathy versus compliance with rules.

      10 marks · 150 words

    2. (b) Some moral philosophers argue that spending some of your resources—without significantly affecting your financial stability—to help other people who badly suffer is our moral duty and not merely a matter of charity. Justify this claim by explaining the distinction between duty and charity.

      10 marks · 150 words

    • Emotional intelligence and empathy
    • Integrity under political pressure
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2026, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2026 · Question 9 · Section B · Case study · 20 marks · 250 words

    Seema is a senior bureaucrat with a reputation of honesty and professional efficiency. She has recently been posted as the District Collector (DC) to Surinder Nagar, where a large industrial area is being established. The new industrial area had caused many farmers to submit applications for change of land use (CLU) to convert their farmlands into residential areas. There is an unusually large backlog of these applications awaiting processing. Seema noticed that some applications had been approved selectively with no visible chronological pattern. The case files showed a few complaints of some approvals being subject to receipt of large bribes from the applicants. On further fact-finding, Seema realized that a small group of touts was controlling this illegal activity through some subordinate officials in the Collectorate. This had created a fear in the other employees who were reluctant to process any application. The resultant backlog has been piling up thereby hindering local economic progress and causing public dissatisfaction. Seema was faced with a major moral and administrative challenge of dismantling this corruption network without hampering daily administrative operations. An aggressive internal investigation would result in institutional resistance and, possibly, a backlash from labour unions. Conversely, ignoring this situation would encourage the wrongdoers and unnecessarily continue this avoidable harassment to the populace.

    1. (a) What are the ethical issues involved in this case?

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    2. (b) Discuss the options open to Seema. Identify the recommended option and justify it.

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    • Integrity under political pressure
    • Transparency and accountability
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2026, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2026 · Question 11 · Section B · Case study · 20 marks · 250 words

    Rajapuram is a border district. Jhara and Biru, its two major communities are in continual conflict with each other. The social fabric is fractured and demands mending. Ethnic tensions between the two communities have erupted into violence resulting in a large number of deaths. The stated causes are conflicting land claims, uneven resource allocation and inadequate political representation in government bodies. Separate relief camps had to be created for the two communities. The situation is volatile and appears to be getting out of control. Rajan has been appointed the District Magistrate (DM) of Rajapuram and tasked to quickly get the situation under control. His immediate tasks include restoring administrative authority, reopening the highway and initiating peace talks. On taking over his appointment, Rajan realized that the inter-community rivalry had even seeped into the local administration and police. With functional neutrality being the immediate casualty, it had made both communities distrustful of the government. The neighbouring country could utilize the opportunity to spur insurgent activity and further aggravate the situation. Rajan favoured a controlled approach starting with opening the highway to restore food and medical supplies. He toyed with the idea of requisitioning CRPF units to help restore administrative control.

    1. (a) Discuss the ethical issues that need to be addressed in this case.

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    2. (b) What are the options open to Rajan? Which option would ensure protection of his non-partisan image without compromising ethics?

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    • Manipur
    • Integrity under political pressure
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2026, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2025 · Question 1 · Section A · 20 marks

    1. (a) In the present digital age, social media has revolutionised our way of communication and interaction. However, it has raised several ethical issues and challenges. Describe the key ethical dilemmas in this regard.

      10 marks · 150 words

    2. (b) "Constitutional morality is not a natural sentiment but a product of civil education and adherance of the rule of law." Examine the significance of constitutional morality for public servant highlighting the role in promoting good governance and ensuring accountability in public administration.

      10 marks · 150 words

    • Technology ethics in public service
    • Integrity under political pressure
    • Public trust
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2025, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2025 · Question 4 · Section A · 20 marks

    1. (a) "For any kind of social re-engineering by successfully implementing welfare schemes, a civil servant must use reason and critical thinking in an ethical framework." Justify this statement with suitable examples.

      10 marks · 150 words

    2. (b) What are the major teachings of Mahavir? Explain their relevance in the contemporary world.

      10 marks · 150 words

    • Integrity under political pressure
    • Thinkers not tested recently
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2025, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2025 · Question 5 · Section A · 20 marks

    1. (a) "One who is devoted to one's duty attains highest perfection in life." Analyse this statement with reference to sense of responsibility and personal fulfilment as a civil servant.

      10 marks · 150 words

    2. (b) To achieve holistic development goal, a civil servant acts as an enabler and active facilitator of growth rather than a regulator. What specific measures will you suggest to achieve this goal?

      10 marks · 150 words

    • Integrity under political pressure
    • Civil services reform
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2025, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2025 · Question 9 · Section B · Case study · 20 marks · 250 words

    Subash is Secretary, PWD in the State Government. He is a senior officer, known for his competence, integrity and dedication to work. He enjoys the trust and confidence of Minister Incharge of PWD and Programme Implementation. As a part of his job profile, he is responsible for policy formulation, execution of projects relating to infrastructure initiatives in the State. Besides, he oversees the technical and administrative aspects relating to planning, designing and construction etc. Subash's Minister is an important Minister in the state and significant growth in urban infrastructure development and road network has been registered during his tenure. He is very keen for launching of ambitious road construction project in the near future. Subash is in regular touch with the Minister and is working various modalities of road construction project. Regular meetings, interactions and presentations are made by him to the Minister before a formal public announcement of the project is made by the Minister. Subash's only son Vikas is in real estate business. His son from his own sources is aware that a mega road project is on the anvil and announcement in this regard is expected anytime. He is very keen to know from his father the exact location of the upcoming project. He knows that there would be quantum jump in the prices of land in the vicinity. Buying land at this stage at cheaper prices would pay him rich dividends. He is pleading with him (his father) day in and day out to share him location of the proposed project. He assured him that he would handle the matter discretely as it would not attract any adverse notice as he in the normal course, keeps on buying land as a part of his business. He feels pressurised because of constant pleadings by his son. Another significant aspect of the matter pertained to the extra/undue interest in the above project by the Minister PWD. His nephew was also having big infrastructure project company. In fact, the Minister has also introduced his nephew to him and indicated to him to take care of his nephew's business interest in the forthcoming project. The Minister encouraged him to act fast in the matter as early announcement and execution of mega road project would enhance his status in the party and public life. In the above backdrop, Subash is in a fix as to the future course of action.

    1. (a) Discuss the ethical issues involved in the case.

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    2. (b) Critically examine the options available to Subash in the above situation.

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    3. (c) Which of the above would be most appropriate and why?

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    • Integrity under political pressure
    • Transparency and accountability
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2025, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2025 · Question 10 · Section B · Case study · 20 marks · 250 words

    Rajesh is a Group A officer with nine years of service. He is posted as Administrative Officer in an Oil Public Sector undertaking. As an Administrative Officer he is responsible for managing and coordinating various administrative tasks to ensure smooth functioning of office. He also manages office supplies, equipment etc. Rajesh is now sufficient senior and is expecting his next promotion in JAG (Junior Administrative Grade) in the next one or two years. He knows that promotion is based on examination of ACRs/Performance Appraisal of last few years (5 years or so) of an officer by a DPC (Departmental Promotion Committee) and an officer lacking requisite grading of ACRs may not be found fit for promotion. Consequences of losing promotion may entail financial and reputational loss and set-back for career progression. Though he also puts his best efforts in official discharge of his duties, yet he is unsure of assessment by his superior officer. He is now putting extra efforts so that he gets thumping report at the end of financial year. As Administrative Officer, Rajesh is regularly interacting with his immediate boss, who is his reporting officer for writing his ACR. One day he calls Rajesh and wants him to buy computer-related stationery on priority from a particular vendor. Rajesh instructs his office to initiate action for procuring these items. During the day, the dealing Assistant brings an estimate of Rupees Thirty Five Lakhs covering all stationery items from the same vendor. It is noticed that as per delegated financial powers, as provided in the GFR (General Financial Rules) as applicable in that Organisation, expenditure for office items exceeding Rupees Thirty Lakhs requires sanction of the next higher authority (boss in the present case). Rajesh knows that immediate superior would expect all these purchases should be done at his level and may not appreciate such lack of initiative on his part. During discussions with office, he learns that common practice of splitting of expenditure (where large order is divided into a series of smaller ones) is followed to avoid obtaining sanction from higher authority. This practice is against the rules and may come to the adverse notice of Audit. Rajesh is perturbed. He is unsure of taking decision in the matter.

    1. (a) What are the options available with Rajesh in the above situation?

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    2. (b) What are the ethical issues involved in this case?

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    3. (c) Which would be the most appropriate option for Rajesh and why?

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    • Integrity under political pressure
    • Public trust
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2025, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2024 · Question 4 · Section A · 20 marks

    1. (a) "The concept of Just and Unjust is contextual. What was just a year back, may turn out to be unjust in today's context. Changing context should be constantly under scrutiny to prevent miscarriage of justice." Examine the above statement with suitable examples.

      10 marks · 150 words

    2. (b) "Mindless addiction to Form, ignoring the Substance of the matter, results in rendering of injustice. A perceptive civil servant is one who ignores such literalness and carries out true intent." Examine the above statement with suitable illustrations.

      10 marks · 150 words

    • Integrity under political pressure
    • Public trust
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2024, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2024 · Question 10 · Section B · Case study · 20 marks · 250 words

    Sneha is a Senior Manager working for a big reputed hospital chain in a mid-sized city. She has been made in-charge of the new super speciality center that the hospital is building with state-of-the art equipment and world class medical facilities. The building has been reconstructed and she is starting the process of procurement for various equipment and machines. As the head of the committee responsible for procurement, she has invited bids from all the interested reputed vendors dealing in medical equipment. She notices that her brother, who is a well-known supplier in this domain, has also sent his expression of interest. Since the hospital is privately owned, it is not mandatory for her to select only the lower bidder. Also, she is aware that her brother's company has been facing some financial difficulties and a big supply order will help him recover. At the same time, allocating the contract to her brother might bring charges of favouritism against her and tarnish her image. The hospital management trusts her fully and would support any decision of hers.

    1. (a) What should be Sneha's course of action?

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    2. (b) How would she justify what she chooses to do?

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    3. (c) In this case, how is medical ethics compromised with vested personal interest?

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    • Integrity under political pressure
    • Corporate governance and ESG
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2024, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2023 · Question 2 · Section A · 20 marks

    1. (a) "Corruption is the manifestation of the failure of core values in the society." In your opinion, what measures can be adopted to uplift the core values in the society?

      10 marks · 150 words

    2. (b) In the context of work environment, differentiate between 'coercion' and 'undue influence' with suitable examples.

      10 marks · 150 words

    • Public trust
    • Integrity under political pressure
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2023, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2023 · Question 5 · Section A · 20 marks

    1. (a) Is conscience a more reliable guide when compared to laws, rules and regulations in the context of ethical decision-making? Discuss.

      10 marks · 150 words

    2. (b) 'Probity is essential for an effective system of governance and socio-economic development.' Discuss.

      10 marks · 150 words

    • Integrity under political pressure
    • Public trust
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2023, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2023 · Question 7 · Section B · Case study · 20 marks · 250 words

    You are working as an executive in a nationalised bank for several years. One day one of your close colleagues tells you that her father is suffering from heart disease and needs surgery immediately to survive. She also tells you that she has no insurance and the operation will cost about ₹ 10 lakh. You are also aware of the fact that her husband is no more and that she is from a lower middle class family. You are empathetic about her situation. However, apart from expressing your sympathy, you do not have the resources to fund her. A few weeks later, you ask her about the well-being of her father and she informs you about his successful surgery and that he is recovering. She then confides in you that the bank manager was kind enough to facilitate the release of ₹ 10 lakh from a dormant account of someone to pay for the operation with a promise that it should be confidential and be repaid at the earliest. She has already started paying it back and will continue to do so until it is all returned.

    1. (a) What are the ethical issues involved?

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    2. (b) Evaluate the behaviour of the bank manager from an ethical point of view.

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    3. (c) How would you react to the situation?

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    • Integrity under political pressure
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2023, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2023 · Question 10 · Section B · Case study · 20 marks · 250 words

    Vinod is an honest and sincere IAS officer. Recently, he has taken over as Managing Director of the State Road Transport Corporation, his sixth transfer in the past three years. His peers acknowledge his vast knowledge, affability and uprightness. The Chairman of the State Road Transport Corporation is a powerful politician and is very close to the Chief Minister. Vinod comes to know about many alleged irregularities of the Corporation and the high-handedness of the Chairman in financial matters. A Board Member of the Corporation belonging to the Opposition Party meets Vinod and hands over a few documents along with a video recording in which the Chairman appears to be demanding bribe for placing a huge order for the supply of QMR tyres. Vinod recollects the Chairman expediting clearing of pending bills of QMR tyres. Vinod confronts the Board Member as to why he is shying away from exposing the Chairman with the so-called solid proof he has with him. The member informs him that the Chairman refuses to yield to his threats. He adds that Vinod may earn recognition and public support if he himself exposes the Chairman. Further, he tells Vinod that once his party comes to power, Vinod's professional growth would be assured. Vinod is aware that he may be penalized if he exposes the Chairman and may further be transferred to a distant place. He knows that the Opposition Party stands a better chance of coming to power in the forthcoming elections. However, he also realizes that the Board Member is trying to use him for his own political gains.

    1. (a) As a conscientious civil servant, evaluate the options available to Vinod.

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    2. (b) In the light of the above case, comment upon the ethical issues that may arise due to the politicization of bureaucracy.

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    • Integrity under political pressure
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2023, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2022 · Question 1 · Section A · 20 marks

    1. (a) Wisdom lies in knowing what to reckon with and what to overlook. An officer being engrossed with the periphery, ignoring the core issues before him, is not rare in the bureaucracy. Do you agree that such preoccupation of an administrator leads to travesty of justice to the cause of effective service delivery and good governance? Critically evaluate.

      10 marks · 150 words

    2. (b) Apart from intellectual competency and moral qualities, empathy and compassion are some of the other vital attributes that facilitate the civil servants to be more competent in tackling the crucial issues or taking critical decisions. Explain with suitable illustrations.

      10 marks · 150 words

    • Integrity under political pressure
    • Emotional intelligence and empathy
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2022, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2022 · Question 2 · Section A · 20 marks

    1. (a) The Rules and Regulations provided to all the civil servants are same, yet there is difference in the performance. Positive minded officers are able to interpret the Rules and Regulations in favour of the case and achieve success, whereas negative minded officers are unable to achieve goals by interpreting the same Rules and Regulations against the case. Discuss with illustrations.

      10 marks · 150 words

    2. (b) It is believed that adherence to ethics in human actions would ensure in smooth functioning of an organization/system. If so, what does ethics seek to promote in human life? How do ethical values assist in the resolution of conflicts faced by him in his day-to-day functioning?

      10 marks · 150 words

    • Integrity under political pressure
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2022, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2022 · Question 8 · Section B · Case study · 20 marks · 250 words

    Ramesh is State Civil Services Officer who got the opportunity of getting posted to the capital of a border State after rendering 20 years of service. Ramesh's mother has recently been detected cancer and has been admitted in the leading cancer hospital of the city. His two adolescent children have also got admission in one of the best public schools of the town. After settling down in his appointment as Director in the Home Department of the State, Ramesh got confidential report through intelligence sources that illegal migrants are infiltrating in the State from the neighbouring country. He decided to personally carry out surprise check of the border posts along with his Home Department team. To his surprise, he caught red-handed two families of 12 members infiltrated with the connivance of the security personnel at the border posts. On further inquiry and investigation, it was found that after the migrants from neighbouring country infiltrate, their documentation like Aadhaar Card, Ration Card and Voter Card are also forged and they are made to settle down in a particular area of the State. Ramesh prepared the detailed and comprehensive report and submitted to the Additional Secretary of the State. However, he has summoned by the Additional Home Secretary after a week and was instructed to withdraw the report. The Additional Home Secretary informed Ramesh that the report submitted by him has not been appreciated by the higher authorities. He further cautioned him that if he fails to withdraw the confidential report, he will not only be posted out from the prestigious appointment from the State capital but his further promotion which is due in near future will also get in jeopardy.

    1. (a) What are the options available to Ramesh as the Director of the Home Department of the bordering State?

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    2. (b) What option should Ramesh adopt and why?

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    3. (c) Critically evaluate each of the options.

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    4. (d) What are the ethical dilemmas being faced by Ramesh?

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    5. (e) What policy measures would you suggest to combat the menace of infiltration of illegal migrants from the neighbouring country?

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    • Border management and illegal migration
    • Integrity under political pressure
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2022, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2022 · Question 9 · Section B · Case study · 20 marks · 250 words

    The Supreme Court has banned mining in the Aravalli Hills to stop degradation of the forest cover and to maintain ecological balance. However, the stone mining was still prevalent in the border district of the affected State with connivance of certain corrupt forest officials and politicians. Young and dynamic SP who was recently posted in the affected district promised to himself to stop this menace. In one of his surprise checks with his team, he found loaded truck with stone trying to escape the mining area. He tried to stop the truck but the truck driver overrun the police officer, killing him on the spot and thereafter managed to flee. Police filed FIR but no breakthrough was achieved in the case for almost three months. Ashok who was the Investigative Journalist working with leading TV channel, suo moto started investigating the case. Within one month, Ashok got breakthrough by interacting with local people, stone mining mafia and government officials. He prepared his investigative story and presented to the CMD of the TV channel. He exposed in his investigative report the complete nexus of stone mafia working with blessing of corrupt police and civil officials and politicians. The politician who was involved in the mafia was no one else but local MLA who was considered to be very close to the Chief Minister. After going through the investigative report, the CMD advised Ashok to drop the idea of making the story public through electronic media. He informed that the local MLA was not only the relative of the owner of the TV channel but also had unofficially 20 percent share in the channel. The CMD further informed Ashok that his further promotion and hike in pay will be taken care of in addition the soft loan of ₹ 10 lakhs which he has taken from the TV channel for his son's chronic disease will be suitably adjusted if he hands over the investigative report to him.

    1. (a) What are the options available with Ashok to cope up with the situation?

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    2. (b) Critically evaluate/examine each of the options identified by Ashok.

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    3. (c) What are the ethical dilemmas being faced by Ashok?

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    4. (d) Which of the options, do you think, would be the most appropriate for Ashok to adopt and why?

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    5. (e) In the above scenario, what type of training would you suggest for police officers posted to such districts where stone mining illegal activities are rampant?

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    • Aravalli protection
    • Integrity under political pressure
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2022, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2022 · Question 10 · Section B · Case study · 20 marks · 250 words

    You have done MBA from a reputed institution three years back but could not get campus placement due to COVID-19 generated recession. However, after a lot of persuasion and series of competitive tests including written and interview, you managed to get a job in a leading shoe company. You have aged parents who are dependent and staying with you. You also recently got married after getting this decent job. You were allotted the Inspection Section which is responsible for clearing the final product. In first one year, you learnt your job well and was appreciated for your performance by the management. The company is doing good business for last five years in domestic market and this year it is decided even to export to Europe and Gulf countries. However, one large consignment to Europe was rejected by their Inspecting Team due to certain poor quality and was sent back. The top management ordered that ibid consignment to be cleared for the domestic market. As a part of Inspecting Team, you observed the glaring poor quality and brought to the knowledge of the Team Commander. However, the top management advised all the members of the team to overlook these defects as the management cannot bear such a huge loss. Rest of the team members except you promptly signed and cleared the consignment for domestic market, overlooking glaring defects. You again brought to the knowledge of the Team Commander that such consignment, if cleared even for domestic market, will tarnish the image and reputation of the company and will be counter-productive in the long run. However, you were further advised by the top management that if you do not clear the consignment, the company will not hesitate to terminate your services citing certain innocuous reasons.

    1. (a) Under the given conditions, what are the options available to you as a member of the Inspecting Team?

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    2. (b) Critically evaluate each of the options listed by you.

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    3. (c) What option would you adopt and why?

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    4. (d) What are the ethical dilemmas being faced by you?

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    5. (e) What can be the consequences of overlooking the observations raised by the Inspecting Team?

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    • Corporate governance and ESG
    • Integrity under political pressure
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2022, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)
  • 2021 · Question 1 · Section A · 20 marks

    1. (a) Identify five ethical traits on which one can plot the performance of a civil servant. Justify their inclusion in the matrix.

      10 marks · 150 words

    2. (b) Identify ten essential values that are needed to be an effective public servant. Describe the ways and means to prevent non-ethical behaviour in the public servants.

      10 marks · 150 words

    • Integrity under political pressure
    • Public trust
    Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) 2021, General Studies IV (opens in a new tab)